Review history
Latest activity
October 2026
GIP: what gastric inhibitory peptide does in the body
Learn what GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) is, why it has two names, how it helps release insulin after meals, and how tirzepatide differs from it.
Argireline: what wrinkle studies show
Learn what Argireline is, what small wrinkle trials measured, and why a laboratory skin-penetration result cannot predict every serum's effects.
Matrixyl peptides: names, wrinkle studies and limits
Compare Matrixyl, Matrixyl 3000 and synthe'6 ingredients. See what two human wrinkle studies found and check whether a cream claim matches them.
Antimicrobial peptides: what they do and what studies show
What are antimicrobial peptides? Learn about human defensins, LL-37 and sweat peptides, and how to read laboratory findings without assuming treatment benefits.
IGF-1 LR3: structure and research limits
What is IGF-1 LR3? Compare its structure with natural IGF-1 and see what original cell and animal studies can establish.
Is tesofensine a peptide?
Is tesofensine a peptide? Check its recorded structure, learn what reuptake inhibitor means, and separate a substance identifier from drug approval.
How are peptides made? Cells and laboratory methods
How are peptides made? Compare cell assembly, chemical synthesis and recombinant production. Learn why a method name cannot prove product quality.
KLOW peptide: what is in the GLOW and KLOW blends, and what the evidence shows
KLOW and GLOW are seller names for mixed peptide vials. See what each usually contains, what FDA found for each ingredient, and why no study of either blend in people was found.
Tirzepatide
Updated the Mounjaro source to its August 2026 label and checked its approved uses and eye warning. Zepbound remains a separate product record.
Semaglutide vs. tirzepatide: weight loss, risks, and product differences
Compare semaglutide and tirzepatide. See what two direct studies found, how FDA-approved products differ, and which risks and evidence limits matter.
Which peptides are FDA-approved? A product-by-product directory.
A limited directory of FDA-approved peptide medicines. Each entry names the brand, application, dosage form, route, and approved use. It does not treat an ingredient name as proof of approval.
Cell penetrating peptides: what cell entry proves
Cell penetrating peptide tests can show attachment, trapped cargo, or delivery into cell fluid. Learn what each result proves and where the evidence stops.
Is glucagon a peptide?
Yes. Glucagon is a peptide hormone that helps raise blood sugar. Learn its normal role and how it differs from proglucagon and GLP-1.
Is somatostatin a peptide?
Yes. Human somatostatin has 14- and 28-amino-acid peptide forms. Compare both with their 116-unit precursor and with octreotide.
Is ghrelin a peptide?
Yes. Human ghrelin has 28- and 27-unit peptide forms. See how its 117-unit precursor and a fatty-acid change affect the names in source records.
September 2026
Is calcitonin a peptide?
Yes. Human calcitonin is a 32-unit peptide hormone. Learn why its precursor has 141 units and how calcitonin differs from procalcitonin and CGRP.
Is vasopressin a peptide?
Yes. Human vasopressin is a nine-unit peptide hormone. See why its precursor has 164 units and how vasopressin differs from copeptin and oxytocin.
Is insulin a peptide?
Yes. Human insulin is a peptide hormone also described as a small protein. See how its two chains differ from proinsulin and C-peptide.
Is GLP-1 a peptide?
Yes, GLP-1 is a peptide hormone. Compare its 30- and 31-unit forms with its precursor, semaglutide, and a nonpeptide receptor agonist.
Is collagen a peptide?
Collagen is a protein made of peptide-linked chains. Learn how intact collagen, gelatin, and collagen peptides differ, and what each name can tell you.
How GLP-1 medicines work for weight loss
How does GLP-1 work for weight loss? Learn about appetite, food intake, stomach emptying, and the limits of human studies.
GHRP peptides: class, evidence, and limits
Learn what GHRP peptides are, how GHRP-6 differs from other members and GHRH, and what short human studies cannot prove.
Is glutathione a peptide?
Is glutathione a peptide? Learn why glutathione is a tripeptide, how its unusual bond works, and what chemical class cannot tell you.
Is SLU-PP-332 a peptide?
Is SLU-PP-332 a peptide? Learn what its chemical structure shows and why a catalog label cannot establish chemical class.
Is carnosine a peptide?
Is carnosine a peptide? Learn how its two amino-acid units determine its chemical class and what that class cannot show.
Is creatine a peptide?
Is creatine a peptide? Learn why creatine is an amino-acid derivative rather than an amino-acid chain.
Is taurine a peptide?
Is taurine a peptide? Learn why taurine is an amino sulfonic acid rather than an amino-acid chain.
Is melatonin a peptide?
Is melatonin a peptide? Learn why melatonin is an indoleamine rather than an amino-acid chain.
Is oxytocin a peptide?
Is oxytocin a peptide? Learn why oxytocin is a cyclic nine-amino-acid peptide and what that class cannot show.
Is MK-677 a peptide?
Is MK-677 a peptide? Learn why ibutamoren is a nonpeptide, what its receptor studies show, and where FDA status and safety evidence stop.
Is NAD a peptide?
Is NAD a peptide? Learn why NAD is a dinucleotide coenzyme and how NAD+, NADH, NMN, and NR differ from peptides.
Oral peptides: do peptide pills work?
Most oral peptides break down when swallowed. See which FDA-approved peptide pills are built to work, what their studies measured, and how to check a peptide pill claim.
KPV peptide: what it is, what the studies tested, and where FDA review stands
KPV peptide is a three-amino-acid piece of alpha-MSH. See what cell and animal studies tested, plus FDA's 2026 review and committee vote.
Are peptides legal? What U.S. law and the FDA actually say
No single legal status covers peptides. See which peptide medicines are approved, which can be compounded, what FDA Category 2 means, and where the rules stop.
Tirzepatide
Checked the posted Mounjaro and Zepbound labels against their August supplement letters and clarified which product has each approved use.
VIP peptide
Reviewed the discovery report, a 12-person healthy-volunteer study, the 196-person aviptadil trial, and exact FDA substance and orphan-designation records. This is an internal source review, not independent medical review.
Peptides for weight loss: results, medicines, and risks
Learn which peptide medicines help with weight loss, what a direct study found, and which risks matter. Compare approved medicines with other products.
Peptides for skin: do creams and serums work?
Learn what human studies show about peptide skin creams, collagen supplements, afamelanotide, GHK-Cu, and injection claims. See where the evidence stops.
Peptide vs protein: what is the real difference?
Peptide vs protein: compare amino acids, chain length, folding, and the limits of chemical and U.S. regulatory definitions.
August 2026
Semaglutide
Checked current Ozempic, Rybelsus, and Wegovy labels. Added the Wegovy injection use for MASH, kept each form's limits, and checked the 2026 sports monitoring record.
Insulin
Checked the current Humalog label, the main DCCT results, and the 2026 WADA rule for insulin. Kept the product and study limits.
Tirzepatide
Updated Mounjaro and Zepbound label records, added the Mounjaro heart-risk approval and Zepbound supplement, and linked the FDA structure review.
Cagrilintide
Reviewed the cagrilintide-alone phase 2 study and the later large CagriSema study. Also reviewed a study that measured how the body processed and responded to cagrilintide given with semaglutide. Checked current study records and FDA's cagrilintide statement.
SS-31
Reviewed FDA's Forzinity approval, label, and trial summary, the FDA identity record, and randomized human studies in Barth syndrome, primary mitochondrial myopathy, heart failure, and healthy older adults.
Cerebrolysin
Initial brief reviewed FDA identity and orphan-designation records, Austrian product information, randomized human trials, composition studies, and the 2026 World Anti-Doping Agency list.
Kisspeptin-10
Initial brief reviewed FDA identity and compounding records, small human hormone studies, and the 2026 World Anti-Doping Agency list.
Thymosin alpha-1
Initial brief reviewed FDA identity and compounding records, randomized human trials, corrected sepsis results, and the 2026 World Anti-Doping Agency list.
Gonadorelin
Initial brief reviewed FDA identity and approval records, human studies, and current animal-product status. It also checked a 2026 FDA warning letter and the 2026 World Anti-Doping Agency list.
GHRP-6
Initial brief reviewed FDA identity and compounding records, small human hormone and exposure studies, the FDA approval database, and the 2026 World Anti-Doping Agency list.
Semax
Reviewed FDA's 2026 Semax briefing and advisory-committee record, FDA's substance record, human stroke and brain-scan studies, and the chemical record for N-acetyl Semax amidate.
Selank
Initial brief reviewed FDA identity, approval, and compounding records, three small anxiety studies, and a human brain-scan study.
DSIP
Initial brief reviewed FDA identity and compounding records, the July 2026 advisory-committee record, and small human studies of sleep, hormone changes, narcolepsy, and withdrawal symptoms.
LL-37
Initial review covered FDA records and human studies of leg ulcers, melanoma, and COVID-19. It also covered FDA's planned advisory-committee discussion.
P21 peptide
Initial brief reviewed the FDA chemical record, primary animal and cell studies, the p21/CDKN1A name conflict, a ClinicalTrials.gov search for P021, and FDA drug-approval databases.
Peptide therapy: what the evidence and product labels show
Peptide therapy is a broad term. Learn how to check approval, evidence, product identity, and safety without treating every peptide product as the same.
Peptide purity testing: what a 99% result can show
Learn what peptide purity means, what a 99% result can show, and why one lab report cannot prove strength, sterility, safety, or FDA approval.
Retatrutide cost and availability: why there is no approved retail product
No retatrutide product is FDA-approved or launched, and no legitimate U.S. retail price exists. The sections below separate research access, expanded access, research sales, compounded claims, and speculation.
Peptides and steroids: what is different, what is not
A plain-language comparison of peptides and steroids. It covers chemistry, how they send signals, approved medicines, product quality, safety evidence, and the 2026 World Anti-Doping Agency list.
CJC-1295
Clarified the human hormone findings, product-form limits, FDA safety record, and 2026 anti-doping status.
BPC-157 side effects: what human studies do and do not show
A plain-language guide to BPC-157 safety. Current reports do not show which side effects occur or how often. It explains the small human record, FDA concerns, product risks, and what remains unknown.
How much does peptide therapy cost? A simple clinic cost guide.
Compare peptide clinic prices by product, prescriber, pharmacy, monitoring, insurance, and cancellation terms.
Peptides for muscle growth: human evidence
Do peptides build muscle? Read what human studies found for CJC-1295, ipamorelin, tesamorelin, BPC-157, TB-500, PEG-MGF, and collagen peptides.
Peptides for hair growth: GHK-Cu, copper peptides, and the evidence
Learn what human studies show about copper-peptide hair products. See why early lab work, small mixture studies, and injection claims do not prove hair growth.
Are peptide injections safe? What the product and evidence show.
Peptide injections do not have one safety answer. Learn how approved, compounded, research-labeled, and counterfeit products differ in evidence, quality, and risk.
Semaglutide
Revalidated the semaglutide approval claim against the current Wegovy label and retained product-, formulation-, population-, and indication-specific scope.
BPC-157
Revalidated BPC-157's S0 prohibited-at-all-times status against the 2026 WADA Prohibited List.
Retatrutide
Revalidated FDA approval status, the boundary between trial material and online products, and the distinction between a planned 2027 submission and approval or availability.
Tesamorelin
Revalidated the current Egrifta WR indication and weight-loss limitation against FDA labeling, and confirmed tesamorelin remains named on the 2026 WADA Prohibited List.
TB-500
Revalidated TB-500 against the 2026 WADA Prohibited List, where TB-500 and thymosin-beta-4 are named in the prohibited growth-factor category.
Bremelanotide
Revalidated the Vyleesi indication and limits against FDA labeling. The approved use is limited to certain premenopausal women with acquired, generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). The label says it is not for sexual-performance enhancement.
July 2026
Retatrutide
Registered the Phase 3 and submission-plan statements as scoped claim records and split the TRIUMPH-1 and TRIUMPH-2/3 disclosure dates. No new evidence was reviewed.
Melanotan II
Initial brief reviewed the 1996 and 2000 human studies and published case reports. One case report describes a prolonged painful erection that needed emergency treatment after Melanotan II use. The brief also used product-analysis data and two approved melanocortin labels only for contrast. Case reports show reported events, not how often they happen or what caused them.
Retatrutide
Added Lilly's July 2026 early sponsor-reported Phase 3 results. Rechecked that retatrutide remained under study and not FDA-approved. Also checked the limits for products sold under its name.
Semaglutide
Expanded product, claim, and source provenance fields.
Insulin
Expanded product, safety, and claim source details.
Tirzepatide
Expanded product, outcome, and unapproved-version boundaries.
BPC-157
Updated around FDA's July 2026 briefing and explicit product-identity boundaries.
CJC-1295
Expanded alias, product-identity, and anti-doping context.
Ipamorelin
Expanded trial-outcome, route, and product-quality boundaries.
Liraglutide
Initial brief based on the current Saxenda label, LEADER, and FDA product records.
Retatrutide
Checked against the phase 2 publication and the June 2026 TRIUMPH-1 registry update: study complete, no summary results posted.
Tesamorelin
Updated for Egrifta SV and Egrifta WR product identity, non-substitutability, phase 3 outcomes, and the 2026 WADA list.
Sermorelin
Updated with FDA's 2013 determination that the discontinued Geref products were not withdrawn for safety or effectiveness.
TB-500
Initial brief uses FDA's July 2026 identity and evidence review before final agency action.
GHK-Cu
Initial brief separates topical formulation studies from injectable-product claims.
MOTS-c
Initial brief reflects FDA's July 2026 evidence review before final agency action.
AOD-9604
Initial brief based on FDA's 2024 compounding review and current safety-risk page.
Epitalon
Initial brief reflects FDA's July 2026 insomnia-focused evidence review before final agency action.
Bremelanotide
Initial brief based on the Vyleesi label, RECONNECT trials, and FDA multidisciplinary review.
Afamelanotide
Initial brief based on the current Scenesse label, pivotal trials, and orphan-drug record.
Teriparatide
Initial brief based on the current Forteo label and fracture-prevention trial record.
Abaloparatide
Initial brief based on the 2025 Tymlos label and ACTIVE phase 3 trial.
Teduglutide
Initial brief based on the 2025 Gattex label, randomized trial, and orphan-drug record.