See how the evidence differs.

Large studies support the approved uses listed on each product label.

Long-term studies that assigned people to groups by chance support closely monitored insulin treatment for specific groups with diabetes.

Large randomized studies support blood-sugar, weight, and heart-risk results in specific groups.

Small uncontrolled pilots cannot establish a patient benefit.

Studies in people measured hormone levels. They did not test lasting health benefits.

A phase 2 trial did not show significant benefit on its key efficacy endpoint.

Large randomized programs support defined glycemic, cardiovascular, and weight-management outcomes.

A full phase 2 report and several early phase 3 sponsor reports show meaningful results in people. Full reports for the phase 3 studies and FDA review are not complete.

Randomized studies measured body-weight changes in people who received cagrilintide alone or with semaglutide. Each result has its own study limits.

FDA approval covers one rare disease and one muscle-strength measure. Results in other conditions have been mixed, including a negative phase 3 study.

Randomized human studies include a large stroke trial and smaller dementia trials. The largest stroke trial found no significant difference on its main recovery measure.

Small studies measured short-term hormone changes. They did not show better fertility, pregnancy, or lasting treatment results.

A large randomized sepsis study found no clear drop in 28-day deaths. FDA found that the wider disease evidence did not establish a benefit.

Phase 3 trials support visceral-adipose-tissue reduction in the labeled HIV population.

Older studies in children exist. Research does not show that current products slow aging, reduce body fat, or build muscle.

Human studies measured ovulation and sperm development in people with defined hormone disorders. They do not establish broad fertility or testosterone benefits.

Small studies measured short-term hormone responses. They did not establish muscle gain, fat loss, recovery, or other lasting health outcomes.

FDA found no adequate human clinical outcome evidence for compounded TB-500 wound-healing use.

Small formulation-specific human studies exist, but broad regenerative and anti-aging outcomes are not established.

FDA's 2026 review found no published studies administering MOTS-c drug products to humans.

Older obesity studies exposed hundreds of participants, but the evidence did not establish an approved weight-loss use.

FDA found no studies establishing insomnia outcomes for the nominated epitalon substances and route.

Two phase 3 trials support modest changes in prespecified desire and distress endpoints for the labeled population.

Randomized trials support pain-free light-exposure and quality-of-life outcomes in adults with EPP.

Randomized evidence supports vertebral and nonvertebral fracture-risk reduction in defined osteoporosis populations.

The ACTIVE phase 3 trial supports fracture-risk reduction in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

Randomized trials support reduction in parenteral-support requirements for short bowel syndrome.

No trial has tested whether using melanotan II makes anyone better off on any patient-centred endpoint.

Small and limited human studies do not establish the focus, memory, or treatment claims made online.

Small studies compared Selank with anxiety medicines. They reported symptom changes. The records reviewed did not include a large repeat study against a placebo.

Small older human studies gave DSIP mainly through a vein and reported mixed sleep results. The studies do not establish a treatment benefit.

Wound studies found mixed results. In a later study, 148 people received LL-37 or placebo. It found no clear healing benefit in the full group.

No P021 study in people was found in the searches completed on August 30, 2026.

Studies have measured how approved products act in the body and how the body processes them.

Studies describe when each product starts working, reaches its strongest effect, and wears off.

Studies have described how approved products enter and affect the body in detail.

Human exposure and pharmacokinetic characterization remain sparse.

Short studies in healthy adults found that CJC-1295 raised growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) for a time.

Dose-escalation work characterizes short-lived GH release in healthy volunteers.

Approved labels characterize product-specific exposure, pharmacodynamics, and interactions.

Human dose-response and adverse-event data exist, but the development program is not complete.

A small study measured cagrilintide exposure and effects in people. It studied cagrilintide only with semaglutide, so it does not describe cagrilintide alone or every population.

The FDA label describes elamipretide's four-amino-acid sequence and its binding to cardiolipin inside mitochondria.

Cerebrolysin is a mixture, not one defined molecule. Its product information says researchers cannot directly track the whole mixture through the body.

Studies in people measured how Kisspeptin-10 changed reproductive hormones during short research periods.

Studies in people measured how it moved through the body and changed blood tests tied to the immune system. These findings do not establish a general health benefit.

The approved label characterizes IGF-1 response, exposure, and product-specific use.

Studies in people show that sermorelin can trigger growth-hormone release. A body response alone does not prove a health benefit.

Human studies show that gonadorelin can trigger reproductive hormone signals in selected disorders and controlled settings.

Small studies in healthy men show a short-term growth-hormone response. One small early study measured how GHRP-6 moved through the body.

Fragment identity and laboratory findings do not establish a clinical benefit in people.

Copper binding and cell-level signaling are biologically plausible but not equivalent to clinical benefit.

Preclinical metabolic and mitochondrial signals are hypothesis-generating.

FDA found insufficient pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information for proposed uses and routes.

Melatonin and cell-line findings are indirect and do not establish patient benefit.

Exposure and transient cardiovascular effects are characterized in the approved label.

The approved implant's pharmacology and melanocortin-1 activity are characterized.

Bone-turnover, exposure, and product-specific pharmacology are well characterized.

Approved labeling characterizes PTH1-receptor activity, exposure, and bone-turnover effects.

Intestinal absorption, exposure, and product effects are characterized in the label and trials.

Two small human studies from 1996 and 2000 measured pigmentation and erectile response; no human pharmacokinetic or intranasal data was located.

FDA found no human pharmacokinetic studies, which measure how the body handles a drug. Human exposure and effects are not well characterized.

A 52-person study measured changes in links between brain areas. It did not measure a treatment benefit, focus, memory, or daily function.

Some studies measured short-term sleep or hormone changes after use through a vein. They do not define how DSIP acts in every person or product.

The studies do not show how each LL-37 form moves through or affects the body. Researchers used different products in different ways.

Studies measured effects in mice, rats, or cells. They do not show what happens in people.

Current product labels list known risks, warnings, and when each product should not be used.

Product labels and many years of use describe the main risks, especially dangerously low blood sugar.

Current product labels describe boxed warnings, contraindications, precautions, and adverse reactions.

The human safety dataset is too small for confident risk estimates.

The studies were short. FDA reports serious unwanted events, limited clinical data, and concerns about unwanted material in peptide products.

Route-specific data are sparse and FDA identifies serious safety concerns.

Current labels describe contraindications, warnings, adverse reactions, and monitoring.

Phase 2 exposure cannot define the full safety profile, rare risks, or long-term benefit-risk balance.

The reviewed studies do not define the full long-term safety profile or rare risks.

The approved label describes injection-site reactions and serious allergic reactions. It does not define the long-term risks of every SS-31 product.

The stroke evidence found a possible increase in serious health problems that did not cause death. Product information also lists important warnings and adverse effects.

The studies were small and brief. They cannot show uncommon harms or long-term safety.

The large sepsis study found no clear safety difference, but FDA says important safety questions remain for compounded products.

The label describes neoplasm, glucose, fluid-retention, hypersensitivity, and other risks.

Past records do not fully show whether modern compounded products are safe. They also do not show the safety of long-term use for wellness.

Former product records and human studies provide limited safety information. They do not define uncommon harms or the safety of current unapproved products.

FDA lists possible immune reactions from peptide impurities or aggregation, plus possible cortisol and blood-sugar effects. Human studies are too small and brief to show uncommon or long-term harms.

Human exposure and product-specific safety information are inadequate.

Human information is limited, and FDA identifies injectable immunogenicity and impurity concerns.

Human exposure, immunogenicity, long-term effects, and route-specific safety are unresolved.

Clinical safety reporting is incomplete, and FDA identifies immunogenicity and impurity concerns.

Human product, route, exposure, impurity, and long-term safety data are inadequate.

The label describes blood-pressure effects, contraindications, nausea, pigmentation, and other risks.

The label and postauthorization monitoring characterize known risks and skin-monitoring requirements.

Labels describe hypercalcemia, orthostatic hypotension, osteosarcoma risk factors, and other precautions.

Known risks and monitoring are described in the current product label.

The label addresses neoplastic growth, obstruction, biliary and pancreatic disease, and fluid imbalance.

The safety record is case reports plus a review. They establish that serious events have occurred, not how often.

Most safety reports were small or incomplete. FDA found no under-the-skin (subcutaneous) safety data and raised impurity, peptide-clumping (aggregation), immune-response, and bleeding concerns.

Small studies cannot show uncommon or long-term harms. FDA says important human safety information is missing for the Selank acetate form.

FDA found no adequate long-term safety data and no human safety evidence for the proposed under-the-skin route. Product quality and immune-reaction risks remain uncertain.

FDA says there is not enough safety information. It notes possible immune reactions, impurities, and uncertainty about product contents. Animal and cell findings do not prove harm in people.

Animal findings cannot set a safe amount or show uncommon or long-term harms in people.

High for an authentic approved product. This evidence does not transfer to every compounded version.

High when the product is a real approved product. The exact product and its ingredients still matter.

Confidence is high for a genuine approved product. It does not automatically apply to every compounded or counterfeit version.

No validated approved formulation; identity and purity vary outside formal research.

Online pages may use the name CJC-1295 for versions with DAC, without DAC, different salt forms, or mixtures with other ingredients.

No approved formulation anchors identity, purity, or equivalence in the consumer market.

High for authentic approved products; evidence does not transfer automatically to unapproved versions.

High for controlled clinical-trial material; low for products sold outside those trials.

High for the controlled material used in the studies; low for products sold outside those studies.

High for the named Forzinity product; limited for research material or products sold under the SS-31 name.

High for the named Austrian finished product; low for generic brain hydrolysates, compounded products, or products sold online.

Study material was controlled. The identity and quality of products sold outside those studies are not established.

Study material and Zadaxin do not show what is in an online or compounded product.

High for authentic Egrifta SV; no automatic transfer to other formulations.

FDA records clearly describe the former Geref products. The identity and quality of each current compounded product must be checked separately.

FDA records identify the active molecule, former human products, and current animal products. Each finished product needs its own review.

FDA identity records do not establish finished-product quality or approval. Compounded and online products need separate evidence.

Nomenclature, salt form, purity, sterility, and fragment-versus-protein distinctions create major uncertainty.

Formulation and route strongly affect what evidence can be transferred.

Substance naming does not establish purity, sterility, or product equivalence.

Identity, route, formulation, sterility, and comparability of compounded products are uncertain.

Evidence often mixes epitalon, epitalon acetate, and non-identical pineal preparations.

High for authentic Vyleesi; evidence does not automatically transfer to compounded PT-141.

High for authentic Scenesse; low for transfer to other melanocortin products.

High for authentic approved products used within the label.

High for authentic Tymlos used within the approved label.

High for authentic Gattex used within its monitoring program.

Unapproved supply with documented content and impurity variation means the vial is not a characterised medicine.

The free base and acetate are separate forms, and the reviewed record does not show that online products match either form or the studied material.

The main peptide, a related chemical form, the product used in a study, and products sold as Selank are not automatically the same.

FDA separates free base and acetate. Online products may not match either form or the material used in human studies.

FDA keeps LL-37 amide in a separate chemical record. An online product name does not prove its contents or quality.

FDA identifies the chemical record. A product name alone does not show what is in the product or how it was made.

Yes. Some semaglutide prescription products are FDA-approved for specific uses

Several FDA-approved insulin products exist, including highly similar versions called biosimilars

Some FDA-approved tirzepatide products exist for specific uses

Still being studied; no FDA-approved BPC-157 product identified

Still being studied. This review found no FDA-approved CJC-1295 product in the United States.

Still being studied; no FDA-approved product identified

FDA-approved products exist for specific indications

Still being studied in the United States; no FDA-approved retatrutide product

Investigational in the United States; no FDA-approved cagrilintide product

Forzinity has FDA accelerated approval for a narrow Barth syndrome use

Authorized in Austria; no FDA-approved Cerebrolysin product was identified in the United States as reviewed August 30, 2026

No FDA-approved Kisspeptin-10 product was identified in the United States as reviewed August 30, 2026

No FDA-approved thymosin alpha-1 product was identified in the United States as reviewed August 30, 2026

An FDA-approved product exists for a narrow indication

This review found no current FDA-approved sermorelin product in the United States. Former Geref products were FDA-approved and are no longer sold. FDA said safety or effectiveness was not the reason for their withdrawal.

Former human products were FDA-approved; current human drug records list Factrel and Lutrepulse as discontinued

No FDA-approved human GHRP-6 product was identified in the checked U.S. databases as of August 30, 2026

No FDA-approved TB-500 drug product

No FDA-approved injectable GHK-Cu drug product

No FDA-approved MOTS-c drug product

No FDA-approved AOD-9604 drug product

No FDA-approved epitalon drug product

An FDA-approved product exists for a narrow indication

An FDA-approved implant exists for a rare-disease indication

FDA-approved products exist for specific osteoporosis populations

An FDA-approved product exists for defined osteoporosis populations

Teduglutide is a 33-amino-acid GLP-2 analog. In the United States, Gattex (teduglutide) is FDA-approved for people age 1 and older who have short bowel syndrome and depend on fluids or nutrition given through a vein.

No approved product in any jurisdiction reviewed

Registered in Russia; no FDA-approved U.S. product or final 503A listing was identified as reviewed August 30, 2026

No FDA-approved U.S. Selank product was found in the records checked on August 30, 2026

No FDA-approved U.S. product; the July 2026 advisory vote did not add DSIP to the 503A list

No FDA-approved U.S. LL-37 drug found; FDA plans an advisory-committee discussion before the end of February 2027

Animal and cell studies only. No FDA-approved U.S. P21 product was found.