{
  "schemaVersion": "2.1",
  "datasetVersion": "2026-09-11.1",
  "generatedAt": "2026-09-11",
  "reviewStatus": "Editorial source review is complete. This edition has not been independently medically reviewed.",
  "editorialBoundary": "Source-checked educational summaries. Topics require evidence and editorial review. This dataset is not a personal treatment plan.",
  "citation": "When you cite a record, include The Peptide Field, its canonicalPath, this dataset version, and every source used for the claim.",
  "reuse": "This endpoint grants no additional reuse license. Keep the verdict, scope, evidence basis, review date, and source links together. Do not present a record as medical advice or medical review.",
  "changeLogPath": "/corrections#correction-ledger",
  "contactPath": "/corrections",
  "dataset": "peptide-evidence-checker-record",
  "canonicalPath": "/peptides/ll-37",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://thepeptidefield.com/peptides/ll-37",
  "record": {
    "slug": "ll-37",
    "name": "LL-37",
    "aliases": [
      "LL37",
      "Cathelicidin LL-37",
      "Ropocamptide"
    ],
    "className": "Body-made host-defense peptide",
    "family": "Host-defense peptides",
    "sequenceLabel": "37 amino acids · mature peptide from a larger starting protein",
    "tier": "Insufficient",
    "evidenceContext": "Investigational human outcomes",
    "statusLine": "No FDA-approved U.S. LL-37 drug found; FDA plans an advisory-committee discussion before the end of February 2027",
    "productContext": "LL-37 is also called ropocamptide. LL-37 amide is a separate FDA substance record, not an exact alias. FDA records and human studies do not show that an online product has the same form, contents, quality, or study material.",
    "approvedProducts": [],
    "productRecords": [],
    "indications": [
      "Human research in venous leg ulcers",
      "Human research in diabetic foot ulcers",
      "Early research in melanoma and COVID-19"
    ],
    "profile": {
      "humanOutcomes": {
        "level": "Limited",
        "note": "Wound studies found mixed results. In a later study, 148 people received LL-37 or placebo. It found no clear healing benefit in the full group."
      },
      "humanPharmacology": {
        "level": "Limited",
        "note": "The studies do not show how each LL-37 form moves through or affects the body. Researchers used different products in different ways."
      },
      "safetyKnowledge": {
        "level": "Unclear",
        "note": "FDA says there is not enough safety information. It notes possible immune reactions, impurities, and uncertainty about product contents. Animal and cell findings do not prove harm in people."
      },
      "productCertainty": {
        "level": "Unclear",
        "note": "FDA keeps LL-37 amide in a separate chemical record. An online product name does not prove its contents or quality."
      }
    },
    "oneLine": "LL-37 is a body-made peptide with 37 amino acids. Human studies do not prove a general health benefit. No FDA-approved LL-37 drug was found.",
    "reviewedAt": "August 30, 2026",
    "reviewedAtISO": "2026-08-30",
    "reviewHistory": [
      {
        "date": "2026-08-30",
        "note": "Initial review covered FDA records and human studies of leg ulcers, melanoma, and COVID-19. It also covered FDA's planned advisory-committee discussion."
      }
    ],
    "whatItIs": "LL-37 is a defense peptide made by the body. It helps protect against germs. It has 37 amino acids. The body makes it by cutting a larger protein called hCAP18. Ropocamptide is another name used in FDA records. LL-37 amide is a different chemical form with its own FDA record.",
    "whatWeKnow": "An early 34-person study of hard-to-heal leg ulcers caused by vein problems reported signs of better healing. A later double-blind study assigned 149 people to topical LL-37 or placebo. Both groups also received compression care. Of those people, 148 received a study treatment. The study found no clear healing benefit in the full group. A later analysis suggested more benefit in people with larger wounds. That was not the study's main test and needs confirmation.\n\nA 25-person study of diabetic foot ulcers used a topical cream for four weeks. It found a higher score for new tissue growth. It found no clear difference in signs of inflammation or the amount of bacteria. A melanoma study enrolled four people in one group. Melanoma is a type of skin cancer. The study cannot prove a cancer benefit.\n\nA 238-person COVID-19 study used a modified bacterium that made a lab-produced form of LL-37. The full group did not clear the virus faster on testing. A group of 48 people started treatment within six days of a positive test.\n\nThat group included 20 people assigned to LL-37 and 28 assigned to placebo. The early group had a signal. Patients and researchers knew which treatment was given. The study took place at one medical center and covered the Omicron BA.5.1.3 variant.",
    "whatWeDoNotKnow": "These studies do not prove that LL-37 heals wounds in general, prevents or treats cancer or COVID-19, or improves health for people in general. The wound results differed by study and subgroup. The COVID-19 study did not test a standard LL-37 vial, spray, or plain peptide product.\n\nFDA says there is not enough safety information. It notes possible immune reactions, impurities, and uncertainty about product contents. FDA also cites animal and cell findings about male reproduction and possible tumor growth. These findings do not prove harm in people.\n\nThe person or group that asked FDA to consider LL-37 for its pharmacy-compounding list withdrew the request. This is not a ban or a place on the list. FDA plans a discussion with an advisory committee before the end of February 2027. The committee will give advice. It will not make a final FDA decision.",
    "antiDoping": null,
    "safetyBoundary": "FDA's review does not show that every LL-37 form or product is safe. It includes animal and cell concerns that do not prove risk in people. This guide does not tell readers how much to use, how to take it, where to buy it, which product to choose, or how to treat a condition.",
    "relatedSlugs": [
      "ghk-cu",
      "thymosin-alpha-1",
      "bpc-157"
    ],
    "claims": [
      {
        "claim": "“LL-37 is a 37-amino-acid human peptide.”",
        "verdict": "Supported with scope",
        "explanation": "FDA's detailed chemical record lists ropocamptide as a peptide with 37 amino acids. This record does not show product quality or human benefit.",
        "category": "Mechanism and biomarkers",
        "evidenceBasis": "Regulatory or product record",
        "scope": "FDA identity records for LL-37 and ropocamptide; this does not establish the identity or quality of an online product.",
        "sourceUrls": [
          "https://precision.fda.gov/ginas/app/ui/substances/165dbb98-57f3-4152-98b5-a68cd8ccd1d3",
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11389039/"
        ]
      },
      {
        "claim": "“LL-37 is proven to heal wounds in people.”",
        "verdict": "Not established",
        "explanation": "The first 34-person leg-ulcer study reported possible benefit. A later study assigned 149 people to LL-37 or placebo. Of those people, 148 received a study treatment. It found no clear benefit for the full group. A 25-person diabetic-foot-ulcer study found a limited sign of new tissue growth, but no clear changes in other measures. These results do not prove general wound healing.",
        "category": "Clinical outcomes",
        "evidenceBasis": "Randomized human outcomes",
        "scope": "The reviewed venous-ulcer studies and small diabetic-foot-ulcer study; results apply only to their defined products, groups, wound types, and follow-up periods.",
        "sourceUrls": [
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25041740/",
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34687253/",
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37480520/"
        ]
      },
      {
        "claim": "“The LL-37 COVID-19 study tested a standard LL-37 peptide product.”",
        "verdict": "Misleading",
        "explanation": "The 238-person study used an engineered bacterium that made a lab-produced form of LL-37. Patients and researchers knew which treatment was given. The study took place at one medical center. It did not test a standard LL-37 vial, spray, or plain peptide product.",
        "category": "Product equivalence",
        "evidenceBasis": "Randomized human outcomes",
        "scope": "The engineered bacterium used in the study and the one-center setting; this does not establish results for other LL-37 materials.",
        "sourceUrls": [
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37605995/"
        ]
      },
      {
        "claim": "“LL-37 is FDA-approved in the United States.”",
        "verdict": "Misleading",
        "explanation": "No FDA-approved U.S. LL-37 drug was found when Drugs@FDA was checked for LL-37 and ropocamptide on August 30, 2026. An FDA chemical record identifies a substance. It does not mean that FDA approved a drug.",
        "category": "Approval and status",
        "evidenceBasis": "Regulatory or product record",
        "scope": "United States approval status as reviewed August 30, 2026.",
        "sourceUrls": [
          "https://precision.fda.gov/ginas/app/ui/substances/165dbb98-57f3-4152-98b5-a68cd8ccd1d3",
          "https://www.fda.gov/drugs/development-approval-process-drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases"
        ]
      },
      {
        "claim": "“FDA has banned LL-37.”",
        "verdict": "Misleading",
        "explanation": "The person or group who asked FDA to consider LL-37 for its pharmacy-compounding list withdrew the request. That request was called a 503A nomination. Its withdrawal is not a ban. The current federal rule does not list LL-37. FDA plans an advisory-committee discussion before the end of February 2027. That discussion is not a final decision or drug approval.",
        "category": "Approval and status",
        "evidenceBasis": "Regulatory or product record",
        "scope": "The U.S. pharmacy-compounding status as reviewed August 30, 2026; an advisory discussion is not a final FDA action.",
        "sourceUrls": [
          "https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/certain-bulk-drug-substances-use-compounding-may-present-significant-safety-risks",
          "https://www.fda.gov/media/94155/download?attachment=",
          "https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/pharmacy-compounding-advisory-committee/meeting-pharmacy-compounding-advisory-committee",
          "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-216/subpart-B/section-216.23"
        ]
      },
      {
        "claim": "“LL-37, LL-37 amide, and products sold online as LL-37 are interchangeable.”",
        "verdict": "Misleading",
        "explanation": "FDA has separate records for ropocamptide (LL-37) and LL-37 amide. An online product name does not prove the same chemical form, amino-acid order, purity, or quality.",
        "category": "Product equivalence",
        "evidenceBasis": "Regulatory or product record",
        "scope": "FDA identity records and online product names; this is not advice on how to use a product.",
        "sourceUrls": [
          "https://precision.fda.gov/ginas/app/ui/substances/165dbb98-57f3-4152-98b5-a68cd8ccd1d3",
          "https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/4HGQ0GC0N6"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "FDA Global Substance Registration System record for ropocamptide (LL-37)",
        "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration",
        "url": "https://precision.fda.gov/ginas/app/ui/substances/165dbb98-57f3-4152-98b5-a68cd8ccd1d3",
        "kind": "Reference",
        "year": 2026,
        "accessedAt": "2026-08-30"
      },
      {
        "label": "FDA Global Substance Registration System record for LL-37 amide",
        "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration",
        "url": "https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/4HGQ0GC0N6",
        "kind": "Reference",
        "year": 2026,
        "accessedAt": "2026-08-30"
      },
      {
        "label": "Human cathelicidin precursor processing to LL-37",
        "publisher": "PubMed",
        "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11389039/",
        "kind": "Reference",
        "year": 2001,
        "accessedAt": "2026-08-30"
      },
      {
        "label": "Early randomized trial of topical LL-37 in venous leg ulcers",
        "publisher": "PubMed",
        "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25041740/",
        "kind": "Randomized trial",
        "year": 2014,
        "accessedAt": "2026-08-30"
      },
      {
        "label": "Later randomized trial of LL-37 in venous leg ulcers",
        "publisher": "PubMed",
        "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34687253/",
        "kind": "Randomized trial",
        "year": 2021,
        "accessedAt": "2026-08-30"
      },
      {
        "label": "Randomized study of topical LL-37 in diabetic foot ulcers",
        "publisher": "PubMed",
        "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37480520/",
        "kind": "Randomized trial",
        "year": 2023,
        "accessedAt": "2026-08-30"
      },
      {
        "label": "LL-37 melanoma study record (NCT02225366)",
        "publisher": "ClinicalTrials.gov",
        "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02225366",
        "kind": "Trial registry",
        "year": 2014,
        "accessedAt": "2026-08-30"
      },
      {
        "label": "Engineered Lactococcus lactis producing recombinant LL-37 in COVID-19",
        "publisher": "PubMed",
        "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37605995/",
        "kind": "Randomized trial",
        "year": 2023,
        "accessedAt": "2026-08-30"
      },
      {
        "label": "FDA review of safety risks for certain bulk drug substances",
        "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration",
        "url": "https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/certain-bulk-drug-substances-use-compounding-may-present-significant-safety-risks",
        "kind": "FDA review",
        "year": 2026,
        "accessedAt": "2026-08-30"
      },
      {
        "label": "FDA bulk drug substances nominated for compounding",
        "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration",
        "url": "https://www.fda.gov/media/94155/download?attachment=",
        "kind": "Regulatory",
        "year": 2026,
        "accessedAt": "2026-08-30"
      },
      {
        "label": "Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee meeting planning",
        "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration",
        "url": "https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/pharmacy-compounding-advisory-committee/meeting-pharmacy-compounding-advisory-committee",
        "kind": "Regulatory",
        "year": 2026,
        "accessedAt": "2026-08-30"
      },
      {
        "label": "21 CFR 216.23 bulk drug substances list",
        "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations",
        "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-216/subpart-B/section-216.23",
        "kind": "Regulatory",
        "year": 2026,
        "accessedAt": "2026-08-30"
      },
      {
        "label": "FDA drug approvals and databases",
        "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration",
        "url": "https://www.fda.gov/drugs/development-approval-process-drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases",
        "kind": "Regulatory",
        "year": 2026,
        "accessedAt": "2026-08-30"
      }
    ],
    "antiDopingReview": {
      "status": "Not assessed",
      "detail": "This editorial review did not determine sport eligibility. Athletes must check the current prohibited list, Global DRO, and their governing body.",
      "sourceUrl": null,
      "reviewedAtISO": "2026-08-30"
    }
  }
}